416 lines
16 KiB
Plaintext
416 lines
16 KiB
Plaintext
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## April 2018
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Hinweis von Rob: Diese komischen CMS-Leute planen einen VHS Kurs. Der
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Vermutlich auf Debian oder falls es kein Popcorn enthält auch Linux
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Mint (Ubuntu) basieren wird -\>
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<https://hedgedoc.c3d2.de/gnubie-shaving#>
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<https://wiki.c3d2.de/GNUbie_shaving>
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"Linux ist mir zu kompliziert - nein ist es nicht"
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"Linux ist nicht kompliziert - versprochen "
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"Lochkarte, Unix, Linux, Debian, Ubuntu 18.04"
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**FollowUP** bzw. **News zu den letzten Sendungen**
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- 1 April 2018, 1.1.1.1 DNS Cloudflare
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- DDos-Protection
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- Privacy TLS Crypto foo
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- DNS-over-TLS
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- DNS-over-HTTPs
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- APNIC's research group held the IP addresses 1.1.1.1 and 1.0.0.1.
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- APNIC is a Regional Internet Registery (RIR) responsible for handing
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out IPs in the Asia Pacific region
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- continuously overwhelmed by a flood of garbage traffic.
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- Cloudflare is sharing DNS query data with APNIC Labs,
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- Zuckerbergs Aussage vor dem Senat
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- neue Datenschutzregelung in sicht
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- Facebook hat die Gesichtserkennung in Europa angeschalten:
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- <https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/20/just-say-no/>
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**Einleitung: Den Computer anschalten und nun?**
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- Einschaltknopf und dann?
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- Mainboard
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- Bios Basic input output system / UEFI
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- master boot record (MBR) bzw. GUID Partition Table (GPT) / UEFI
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- Bootloader
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- Betriebssystem (Kernel, Programme)
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- die meisten bekannten Programme laufen nicht direkt auf der Hardware,
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sondern brauchen andere Programme (z.b. libraries) damit sie mit der
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Hardware interagieren können = Darum kümmert sich das Betriebssystem
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**kleiner historischer Abriss über Betriebssysteme / Unix / BSD / Linux
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/ Debian / Ubuntu**
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- ersten Computer kamen ohne echtes Betriebssystem weil Programme über
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Lochkarten etc eingelesen wurden
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- 1956 GM-NAA I/O bei General Motors für die IBM 704 erfundene *resident
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monitor (startete einfach nächsten Lochkartenstapel im Anschluss)*
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- 1959 entstand daraus das SHARE Operating System (SOS)
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- allowed execution of programs written in assembly language.
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- share programms
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- 1961 entstand mit dem Compatible Timesharing System (CTSS) für die IBM
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7094 am MIT das erste Betriebssystem für Mehrbenutzerbetrieb
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- sogar quasi gleichzeitig per Terminal (Mother of all demos.
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<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJDv-zdhzMY)>
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- IBM 1964 OS/360 in verschiedenen Versionen (OS/360 für rein
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lochkartenbasierte Systeme, TOS/360 für Maschinen mit
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Bandlaufwerken, DOS/360 für solche mit Festplatten)
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- das erste Betriebssystem, das modellreihenübergreifend eingesetzt
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wurde,
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- Ab 1963 wurde Multics in Zusammenarbeit von MIT, General Electric und
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den Bell Laboratories (Bell Labs) von AT&T entwickelt, das jedoch erst
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ab 1969 bis 2000 im Einsatz war.
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- setzte den Grundstein für Unix
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- Unix
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- August 1969\[1\] von Bell Laboratories (später AT&T)
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- 1980er Jahre als quelloffenes Betriebssystem
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- Ken Thompson und Dennis Ritchie, die es zunächst in
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Assemblersprache, dann in der von Ritchie entwickelten
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Programmiersprache C geschrieben
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- erstmalig hierarchische, baumartig aufgebaute Dateisystem mit
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Ordnerstruktur
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- Quellcode / Binaries
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- CPU braucht maschinenlesbaren Code, Programmierer brauchen
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menschenlesbaren Code
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- Hin- und Zurückübersetzung schwierig
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- ab 1980 kommerzialisiert (fehlender Quellcode), was zu Abspaltungen
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führte (Unix-Wars)
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- Berkley brachte TCP/IP, damit wars für die Darpa interessant
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- 1983 begann Richard Stallman *GNU’s Not Unix* (‚GNU ist Nicht
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Unix‘)-Projekt zu entlwickeln (da fehlte ein freier Kernel)
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- Shell, Coreutils, Compiler wie GCC, Bibliotheken wie glibc, as
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- Anspruch die Funktionalität eines Unixsystems zur Verfügung zu
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stellen
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- Freiheit \#0: Programm ausführen wann und wo man will
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- Freiheit \#1: Quellcode studiern / überprüfen
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- Freiheit \#2: weiterverbreitung des Programmes
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- Freiheit \#3: veränderte version verbreiten dürfen
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- 1985 Open Software-Foundation (Sun, Siemens, HP, IBM etc)
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- 1987 entwickelte der in Amsterdam lehrende amerikanische
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Informatiker Professor Andrew S. Tanenbaum ein unixoides
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Betriebssystem namens Minix
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- Studenten die Grundlagen eines Betriebssystems zu
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veranschaulichen
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- 1989 wurde „UNIX System V Release 4“ angekündigt und
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herausgebracht. Es folgten später noch „Release 4.2“ und „Release
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5“ nach.
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- 1990 erschien „4.3BSD Reno“.
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- - nur kurz -BSD Zweig, welcher später dann auch zu Apple führte
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- - nur kurz -92 386BSD, eine Portierung von 4.3BSD NET/2 auf den
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Intel-i386-Prozessor
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- - nur kurz -1993 erschien die Version „4.4BSD“, und es begann
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die Entwicklung von FreeBSD und NetBSD,
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- - nur kurz - 2000 wurde Darwin, der Unterbau des Mac OS X
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veröffentlicht, mit Mach als Kernel.
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- freies Unix-Betriebssystem des Unternehmens Apple. Es wurde
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als Darwin 0.1 am 16. März 1999\[1\], gemeinsam mit Mac OS X
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Server 1.0, erstmals verfügbar gemacht.
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- 1991 stellte Linus Torvalds am 5. Oktober seinen Kernel Linux mit
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der Versionsnummer 0.02 vor.
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- Finnish computer science student (mittlerweile seit 2010
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Amerikaner)
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- January 5, 1991\[22\] he purchased an Intel 80386-based clone of
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IBM PC\[23\] before receiving his MINIX copy, which in turn
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enabled him to begin work on Linux
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- His M.Sc. thesis was titled *Linux: A Portable Operating
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System*.
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- from scratch, benötigte teilweise von Minix
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- seit Dezember komplett ohne Minix (fsck)
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- 1992 im Januar kam 0.12 benutzte GNU GPL - CopyLeft Lizenz
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- 1993 X11 (und damit erste Distribution, zwei Disketten bestehend
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aus Kernel und GNU Projekt Utilities)
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- erster Grafischer Window Manager
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- 1993 Debian by Ian Murdock, Debian 0.01 was released on September
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15, 1993
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- Freundin Deborah Lynn (Deb + Ian) = Debian
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- reines community Projekt, kein Kommerzieller Hintergrund
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- sehr Gnu-nah
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- Free Software Foundation, which sponsored the project for one
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year from November 1994 to November 1995
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- laufen auch mit andern Kerneln: such as those based on BSD
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kernels and the GNU Hurd microkernel.
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- Ubuntu 2004
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**--- Potentielle Pause ---**
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Der Linux-Kernel heute:
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<https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Linux_Kernel_Struktur.svg>
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- Betriebssystem: Linux-Kernel (vmlinuz) damalsTM Podcast Folge
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DTM_016_Linuxkernel (7.3MB)
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- 4.15.4 hat 20,3 Millionen Zeilen Code
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<https://www.linuxcounter.net/statistics/kernel>
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- good kommt etwa 4745, nice 1369, love 763 mal vor
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- crap 192, shit 145, fuck 40,
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- Firefox 56 enthalten 31.342.142 Zeilen LibreOffice 5.4 kommen auf
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17.171.162
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- Contributors (ca.) 4.16 by changesets
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- Intel 1424 10.6%
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- Red Hat 971 7.2%
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- (Unknown) 962 7.2%
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- (None) 895 6.7%
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- AMD 677 5.0%
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- IBM 566 4.2%
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- Contributors (ca.) 4.16 by changed lines
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- AMD 97644 14.2%
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- Intel 73566 10.7%
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- (Unknown) 33700 4.9%
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- Red Hat 33027 4.8%
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- (None) 31155 4.5%
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- IBM 26329 3.8%
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- Linaro 25245 3.7%
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- (Consultant) 20772 3.0%
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- 75% Treibercode (/drivers 14.966.279 Zeilen + /arch mit 3.722.764)
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(schwer zu testen ohne Hardware, Deswegen delegation)
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- 20% Netzwerk
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- 2017 Global Stats (Achtung nur Webtraffic!):
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- Windows Kernel 36,8% Geräte,
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- Apple XNU 18,46%
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- Linux Kernel (mit Android) 40,41%
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- 7,21% andere
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- Intel IBM etc stellen ebenfalls Entwickler
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- Interesse der betreibbarkeit ihrer Hardware
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- Bei Intel und IBM oftmals weit im Voraus zur Auslieferung
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- wenn ein Programm den Kernel etwas fragt ist das ein SystemCall
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(Bezug auf Meltdown und Spectre)
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- hat selbst einen geschützten Speicherbereich
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- Kernelspace
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- Modular
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- Userspace
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- Programme
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- andere Kernels: BSD, Unix System DOS (DR-DOS, MS-DOS (auf dem
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Windows 95 bis ME basierte), FreeDos, OpenVMS,
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- Geht zu tief in den Linux Boot-Prozess, passt wahrscheinlich nicht zu
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Ubuntu
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- ~~Linux ist das weitverbreiteste Betriebssystem ~~
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- ~~Server~~
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- ~~Router~~
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- ~~Banken, Züge, Flugsicherung~~
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- ~~Embedded~~
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- ~~Android~~
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~~--\> Erinnerung an Bootprozess, wir sind nun nach dem Bootloader:~~
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~~ ~~
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~~ ~~
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- ~~Einschaltknopf und dann?~~
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- ~~Mainboard~~
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- ~~Bios Basic input output system / UEFI~~
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- **~~master boot record~~**
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(**MBR**
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) **bzw. GUID Partition Table**
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(**GPT**~~) / UEFI~~
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- ~~Bootloader z.B. Grub, PXE oder WindowsBootloader~~
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- ~~Betriebssystem (Kernel, Programme)~~
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~~ ~~
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~~ ~~
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- ~~initrd.img (40MB)~~
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- *~~initrd provides the capability to load a RAM disk by the boot
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loader.~~*
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- *~~initrd is mainly designed to allow system startup to occur in two
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phases, where the kernel comes up with a minimum set of compiled-in
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drivers, and where additional modules are loaded from initrd.~~*
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- ~~lädt das richtige / Root File System (z.b. ext4 auf Festplatte)~~
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- ~~und die entsprechenden Kernelmodule~~
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- ~~Login-Manager~~
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- ~~lightdm~~
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- ~~gdm~~
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- ~~Window Manager~~
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- ~~Unity? X11 kompatibilität nicht gegeben~~
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- ~~Programme~~
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- ~~FireFox, Chrome, Thunderbird, Gimp, Pidgin, LibreOffice, FreeCad,
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KiCad etc.~~
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**Allgemeine Vorstellung Ubuntu**
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**Ubuntu** (Zulu pronunciation: \[ùɓúntʼù\])\[1\]\[2\] is a Nguni
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Bantu term meaning "humanity". It is often translated as "I am because
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we are," and also "humanity towards others", but is often used in a
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more philosophical sense to mean "the belief in a universal bond of
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sharing that connects all humanity"
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- Entwickler: Canonical Ltd.
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- UK-based privately held computer software company founded 5 March
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2004
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- funded by South African entrepreneur <u>Mark Shuttleworth</u> (2.
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Weltraumtourist mit Sojus TM-34/Sojus TM-33 (2002)8 Tage ISS ca 20
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Mill. \$, einzigster Afrikaner im All ??)
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- provided an initial funding of US\$10 million
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- Net worth£160 million (2015)
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- Time in space: 9d 21h 25m
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- He was a member of the crew of Soyuz TM-34, launched from
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Baikonur in Kazakhstan and docked with the International Space
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Station two days later.
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- tendenziell kein Bart (maximal 3 Tage)
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- Shuttleworth founded Thawte Consulting in 1995, a currently
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running company which specialized in digital certificates and
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Internet security. In December 1999, Thawte was acquired by
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VeriSign, earning Shuttleworth R3.5 billion (about US\$575
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(equivalent to \$844.70 in 2017) million).
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- Thawte was one of the first companies to be recognized by both
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Netscape and Microsoft as a trusted third party for web site
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certification,
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- Business Model?
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- Einkommen US \$125.97 million (2017), aber nur US \$2M Profit
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- <https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Canonical-2009-2017-Fin-Perf>
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- Number of employees 566 (2017)
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- Spenden der Nutzer
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- Shuttleworth "funds it"
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- providing enterprise software services, training, support,
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consultancy, and various other services directly related to Ubuntu
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- Amazon Suche in Unity? Nutzerdaten?
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- ~~Ursprung in Debian (September 1993), Ubuntu cooperates with Debian
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by pushing changes back to Debian~~
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- ~~teilweise kompatibel, aber nicht völlig~~
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- Initial release: 20 October 2004 (13 years ago)
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- Updates ca aller 6 Monate
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- Ab ubuntu 6.06 gerade Versionen .04 LTS
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- Updates for new hardware, security patches and updates to the
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'Ubuntu stack'
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- sonst .10 und ungrade 04 rollend erst 9 nun 18 Monate
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- security fixes, high-impact bug fixes and conservative,
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substantially beneficial low-risk bug fixes
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- Ubuntu Derivate über den Window Manager : Wayland
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- xubuntu (XFCE)
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- kubuntu (KDE)
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- lubuntu (LXDE)
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- Ubuntu Gnome (Gnome)
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- Ubuntu Mate (Mate)
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- Ubuntu Budgie (Budgie)
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- Linux mint etc
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- i3wm
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- awesome
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- \- läuft auf:
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- I386, IA-32, AMD64; ARMhf (ARMv7 + VFPv3-D16), ARM64; Power,
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ppc64le; s390x\[4\]
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- itauch Tablets und Smartphones -\> Ubuntu Touch
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- GPL
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- \+ blob Hardware Treiber
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- Security "out of the box":
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- FullDisk/Folder/HomeDir Encryption
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- sudo
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- Network Ports sind per default geschlossen -\> UFW
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- Ubuntu compiles its packages using GCC features such as PIE and
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buffer overflow protection to harden its software
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- security performance expense of 1% in 32-bit and 0.01% in 64-bit.
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- Abkömmlinge:
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<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/UbuntuFamilyTree1210.svg>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Rant Stallman <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DXnfa0H30L4>
|
|||
|
|
<https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/12/richard-stallman-calls-ubuntu-spyware-because-it-tracks-searches/?utm_source=omgubuntu>
|
|||
|
|
removed in 16.04
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
**Änderungen in 18.04**
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-18-04-release-features/>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
- Bionic Beaver
|
|||
|
|
- ***26th April: Stable Ubuntu 18.04 LTS release***
|
|||
|
|
- GNOME 3.28
|
|||
|
|
- Boot speed boost
|
|||
|
|
- Using systemd’s features, bottlenecks will be identified and tackled
|
|||
|
|
to boot Bionic as quickly as possible.
|
|||
|
|
- A new minimal installation option
|
|||
|
|
- regular Ubuntu install without most of the regular software. You’ll
|
|||
|
|
just get a web browser and a handful of utilities.
|
|||
|
|
- Using PPA is slightly easier now
|
|||
|
|
- im wesentlichen autoupdate nach dem adden
|
|||
|
|
- Linux Kernel 4.15
|
|||
|
|
- Xorg becomes the default display server again
|
|||
|
|
- Ubuntu 17.10 switched to the newer Wayland
|
|||
|
|
- viele Probleme
|
|||
|
|
- Minor changes in the looks of Nautilus File Manager
|
|||
|
|
- sieht mal wieder ein wenig schicker aus
|
|||
|
|
- Ubuntu will be collecting system usage data (unless you choose to stop
|
|||
|
|
that)
|
|||
|
|
- criticized in the past for including Amazon web app
|
|||
|
|
- online search by default
|
|||
|
|
- Ubuntu 18.04 will be collecting some system usage data unless you
|
|||
|
|
choose to opt out of it.
|
|||
|
|
- Version and flavor of Ubuntu you’re installing
|
|||
|
|
- Whether you have network connectivity at install time
|
|||
|
|
- Hardware statistics such as CPU, RAM, GPU, etc
|
|||
|
|
- Device manufacturer
|
|||
|
|
- Your country
|
|||
|
|
- Time taken to complete the installation
|
|||
|
|
- Whether you choose auto login, installing third-party codecs,
|
|||
|
|
downloading updates during install
|
|||
|
|
- Disk layout
|
|||
|
|
- Ubuntu Popcon service will track the popularity of applications and
|
|||
|
|
packages
|
|||
|
|
- Crash reports
|
|||
|
|
- New installer for Ubuntu 18.04 Server edition
|
|||
|
|
- subiquity installer
|
|||
|
|
- schicker
|
|||
|
|
- 10\. Native support for color emojis
|
|||
|
|
- Until now, only monochrome emojis are supported out of the box on
|
|||
|
|
Ubuntu.
|
|||
|
|
- same open source emojis that are being used on Android.
|
|||
|
|
- The proposed brand new theme and icons developed by the community will
|
|||
|
|
no longer be the default
|
|||
|
|
- vorher wenig Änderungen im Design, (jetzt ehrlich gesagt auch kein
|
|||
|
|
riesen Sprung aber egal)
|
|||
|
|
- 12\. Easier live patching
|
|||
|
|
- Kernel live patching is an essential feature on Linux server.
|
|||
|
|
Basically, you install a critical Linux kernel update without
|
|||
|
|
rebooting the system. This saves downtime on servers.
|
|||
|
|
- Default wallpapers of Ubuntu 18.04 (for hardcore Ubuntu fans)
|
|||
|
|
- naja anderere Hintergrundbilder halt
|
|||
|
|
- Default Applications
|
|||
|
|
- Category Top Voted Default Application
|
|||
|
|
- Browser Mozilla Firefox
|
|||
|
|
- Video Player VLC
|
|||
|
|
- IDE Visual Studio Code
|
|||
|
|
- Video Editor Kdenlive
|
|||
|
|
- Screen Recorder Open Broadcaster Software (OBS)
|
|||
|
|
- Email Client Thunderbird
|
|||
|
|
- Text Editor gedit
|
|||
|
|
- Office Suite LibreOffice
|
|||
|
|
- Music Player VLC
|
|||
|
|
- Photo Viewer Shotwell
|
|||
|
|
- Terminal GNOME Terminal
|
|||
|
|
- PDF Reader Evince
|
|||
|
|
- Photo Editor Gimp
|
|||
|
|
- IRC/IM Pidgin
|
|||
|
|
- Calendar GNOME Calendar
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
**Fazit **
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
- Ubuntu ist umstritten, weil kommerzielle Verwertung von freier
|
|||
|
|
Software
|
|||
|
|
- Geld spenden
|
|||
|
|
- Maintainer bekommen Geld von Investoren
|
|||
|
|
- Debian vs. ubuntu
|
|||
|
|
- Ubuntu Pakete die ich immer runterschmeiße: apport, whoopsie,unity
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
- Mediawiki 1.30, Extensions, Semantic Wiki, Ziele, Einschränkungen,
|
|||
|
|
Praxistauglichkeit
|
|||
|
|
- OpenSource Anwender-Software -\> LibreOffice, FreeCad, KiCad,
|
|||
|
|
Thunderbird, Firefox etc. vorstellen erklären
|
|||
|
|
- Robot Operating System (ROS) -\> Roboterfunktionen in Paketen,
|
|||
|
|
OpenSource und verbreitet
|
|||
|
|
- Mikrocontroller -\> von Arduino über ESP32 zu PSoC und FPGA
|
|||
|
|
- wir haben natürlich noch die verschollene IoT-Sendung aus dem Februar
|
|||
|
|
ausgearbeitet da
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Hinweis auf Podcast zur Geschichte vor Linux / des Linux-Kernels:
|
|||
|
|
damals(tm) Folge 016 Linuxkernel
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<https://damals-tm-podcast.de/index.php/2015/10/15/dtm_016_linuxkernel/>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<http://damalstm.capella.uberspace.de/episoden/DTM016_Linuxkernel.mp3>
|
|||
|
|
|